Effect of defoliation interval and height on the growth and quality of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo

The effect of defoliation on Amarillo (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) was studied in a glasshouse and in mixed swards with 2 tropical grasses. In the glasshouse, Amarillo plants grown in pots were subjected to a 30/20°C or 25/15°C temperature regime and to defoliation at 10-, 20- or 30-day intervals for 60 days. Two field plot studies were conducted on Amarillo with either irrigated kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) in autumn and spring or dryland Pioneer rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) over summer and autumn. Treatments imposed were 3 defoliation intervals (7, 14 and 28 days) and 2 residual heights (5 and 10 cm for kikuyu; 3 and 10 cm for rhodes grass) with extra treatments (56 days to 3 cm for both grasses and 21 days to 5 cm for kikuyu). Defoliation interval had no significant effect on accumulated Amarillo leaf dry matter (DM) at either temperature regime. At the higher temperature, frequent defoliation reduced root dry weight (DW) and increased crude protein (CP) but had no effect on stolon DW or in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). On the other hand, at the lower temperature, frequent defoliation reduced stolon DW and increased OMD but had no effect on root DW or CP. Irrespective of temperaure and defoliation, water-soluble carbohydrate levels were higher in stolons than in roots (4.70 vs 3.65%), whereas for starch the reverse occured (5.37 vs 9.44%). Defoliating the Amarillo-kikuyu sward once at 56 days to 3 cm produced the highest DM yield in autumn and sprong (582 and 7121 kg/ha DM, respectively), although the Amarillo component and OMD were substantially reduced. Highest DM yields (1726 kg/ha) were also achieved in the Amarillo-rhodes grass sward when defoliated every 56 days to 3 cm, although the Amarillo component was unaffected. In a mixed sward with either kikuyu or rhodes grass, the Amarillo component in the sward was maintained up to a 28-day defoliation interval and was higher when more severely defoliated. The results show that Amarillo can tolerate frequent defoliation and that it can co-exist with tropical grasses of differing growth habits, provided the Amarillo-tropical grass sward is subject to frequent and severe defoliation.

Ocorrência e correção de deficiência de ferro em (Arachis pintoi) em latossolo amarelo.

Em uma pequena quadra de seringueiras jovens, plantadas em 1993, na Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, o solo apresentava sinais de erosao laminar, apesar da pequena pendente. Como tentativa para contornar esse problema, foi escolhido Arachis pintoi como planta de cobertura, por nao ser escandente e apresentar razoavel tolerancia a sombreamento. Porem, essa tentativa na quadra de seringueiras jovens nao teve o exito esperado, devido a ausencia de modulacao, inclusive nas margens fora dessa quadra, onde o A. pintoi nao apresentou carencia de ferro. Com a necessidade de aplicacao de nitrogenio, para evitar perda por volatilizacao, foi necessario fazer coroamento das plantas, o que tornou essa operacao extremamente dificil por causa do tapete de ramos superpostos e enraizados.

Inoculação com rizóbio: como melhorar o desempenho do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi).

2001

Efeito da cobertura do solo com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi e Arachis glabrata) na produtividade de café no Acre.

A Embrapa Acre vem realizando um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização do amendoim forrageiro como cobertura do solo em cultivo de café.

Application of C-banding in two Arachis wild species, Arachis pintoi Krapov. and W.C. Gregory and A-villosulicarpa Hoehne to mitotic chromosome analyses

Two wild diploid (2n = 20 chromosomes) and self-pollinating Arachis species, Arachis Pintoi Krapov and W.C.Gregory and A. villosulicarpa Hoehne were submmited to C-band technique to karyotype analyses. Root tips were employed in the analyses. Morphometric data chose that chromosome lengths varied from 3.12 in A. villosulicarpa to 1.45 in A. Pintoi. Karyotype formula obtained was 10sm to A. Pintoi and 9sm + 1m to A. villosulicarpa. There was a predominance of pericentromeric C-band in all mitotic metaphasic chromosomes in both species. Besides C-band values, both species still did not differ in respect to chromosome absolute and relative lengths, centromeric index, symmetry index and total karyotype haploid length. C-band and morphometric data did not show strong or significant differences which could separate these two species of peanut which belong to evolutive different sections.

Application of C-banding in two Arachis wild species, Arachis Pintoi Krapov. and W.C. Gregory and A. villosulicarpa Hoehne to mitotic chromosome analyses

Two wild diploid (2n = 20 chromosomes) and self-pollinating Arachis species, Arachis Pintoi Krapov and W.C. Gregory and A. villosulicarpa Hoehne were submmited to C-band technique to karyotype analyses. Root tips were employed in the analyses. Morphometric data chose that chromosome lengths varied from 3.12 in A. villosulicarpa to 1.45 in A. Pintoi. Karyotype formula obtained was 10sm to A. Pintoi and 9sm + 1m to A. villosulicarpa. There was a predominance of pericentromeric C-band in all mitotic metaphasic chromosomes in both species. Besides C-band values, both species still did not differ in respect to chromosome absolute and relative lengths, centromeric index, symmetry index and total karyotype haploid length. C-band and morphometric data did not show strong or significant differences which could separate these two species of peanut which belong to evolutive different sections.

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the forage species Arachis pintoi (Genus Arachis)

Arachis pintoi is an alternative to forage production in the tropics. Its germplasm comprises more than 150 accessions, that could be used to improve it. Our objective was the isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in A. pintoi to be used to molecular evaluation of this germplasm and of A. repens (section Caulorrhizae). Seven loci were analyzed using five accessions of A. repens and 20 accessions of A. pintoi. The high variation found makes clear the high potential of this marker in genetic studies in these species. The developed markers showed total transferability to A. repens.

Determinação do grau de homozigose de genótipos selecionados do híbrido natural W34b (BRA 031143) da espécie Arachis Pintoi Krapov. & Gregory, por meio de marcadores moleculares

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Manual de identificação de doenças e fungos em Arachis spp.

Plantas do gênero Arachis são conhecidas da humanidade há cerca de 8 mil anos. O termo amendoim é originário de mãdu?bi, da língua tupi. As espécies forrageiras são comumente chamadas de amendoim forrageiro ou até grama amendoim no Brasil. A espécie Arachis pintoi Krapovickas & Gregory, exclusivamente forrageira, vem sendo cada vez mais usada para pastejo de animais devido à quantidade de proteínas e biomassa produzida, além do uso na jardinagem e paisagismo em áreas urbanas e rurais. Essa preferência pela espécie baseia-se em longo histórico de sucesso em outros países para a finalidade a que se destina. Outras espécies encontradas nesse gênero e utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético de amendoim forrageiro para a produção de proteína a baixo custo são Arachis repens Handro, Arachis glabrata Benth., Arachis valsii Miotto, Arachis appressipila Krapov & W. C. Greg. e Arachis helodes Mart. ex Krapov. & Rigoni. Algumas doenças fúngicas afetam A. pintoi quando este se encontra estabelecido no campo ou em viveiro, casas de vegetação ou telado. No entanto, fungos que ocorrem nas sementes têm importante papel na disseminação de doença a longa distância e no estabelecimento de plantas de amendoim forrageiro no campo seja para multiplicação ou para uso definitivo. O conhecimento da diversidade de fungos fitopatogênicos e saprófitas que ocorrem em Arachis spp. é de fundamental relevância para os trabalhos de diagnósticos, para a emissão de certificados fitossanitários de origem, certificados fitossanitários, ações de defesa vegetal, segurança no trabalho e para o controle de doenças. Desse modo, foi elaborado este Manual que, além de ser um guia ilustrado para a identificação de doenças, também traz informações de como isolar e caracterizar taxonomicamente os fungos associados ao amendoim forrageiro. Esta publicação é destinada aos produtores, estudantes, professores, pesquisadores, técnicos e todos aqueles que se interessam pela cultura do amendoim forrageiro nos campos e nas cidades, em atividades produtivas, educacionais e de extensão.

Novel polymorphic microsatellite markers in section Caulorrhizae (Arachis, Fabaceae)

This work reports the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in section Caulorrhizae. The primer pairs were designed from Arachis pintoi and showed full transferability to Arachis repens species. These new markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity in germplasm (accessions and cultivars) of section Caulorrhizae. This new set of markers detected greater gene diversity than morphological and molecular markers such as AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and RAPD (rapid analysis of polymorphic DNA) previously used in this germplasm.

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships based on RAPD analysis in section Caulorrhizae, genus Arachis (Leguminosae)

Wild Arachis germplasm includes potential forage species, such as the rhizomatous Arachis glabrata and the stoloniferous A. pinto and A. repens. Commercial cultivars of A. pintoi have already been released in Australia and in several Latin American countries, and most of these cultivars were derived from a single accession of A. pintoi (GK 12787). Arachis repens is less productive as a forage plant than is A. pintoi. However, it can be crossed with A. pintoi, and thus has good potential as germplasm for the improvement of A. pintoi. Arachis repens is also used as an ornamental plant and ground cover. Many new accessions of these two stoloniferous species are now available, and they harbor significant genetic variability beyond that available in the few older accessions, previously available. Therefore, these new accessions need to be conserved, documented and considered in terms of their potential for crop improvement and direct commercial use. Sixty-four accessions of this new germplasm were analyzed using RAPD analysis. Most of the accessions of A. repens grouped together into a clearly distinct group. In general, the accessions from the distinct valleys of the Jequitinhonha, Sao Francisco and Parana rivers did not group together, suggesting there is not a tight relation between dispersion by rivers and the geographic distribution of genetic variation in these species.

Genetic variation within and among species of five sections of the genus Arachis L. (Leguminosae) using RAPDs

Some Arachis species are widely used as commercial plants, e.g. the groundnut A. hypogaea, an important source of good quality protein and oil, and A. pintoi and A. glabrata, that are utilized as forage species. Germplasm of most Arachis species is available in germplasm banks. However, little it is known about the genetic attributes of this germplasm, and mainly about its genetic variability, which is very important for its maintenance. In the present study RAPDs were used to assay the genetic variation within and among 48 accessions of five sections of the genus Arachis and to establish the genetic relationships among these accessions. Ten of 34 primers tested were selected for DNA amplification reactions since they yielded the largest numbers of polymorphic loci. A dendrogram was constructed based on data from the 10 primers selected. Eighty RAPD polymorphic bands were analyzed among the accessions studied. The relationships among species based on RAPDs were similar to those previously reported based on morphological, cytological and crossability data; demonstrating that RAPDs can be used to determine the genetic relationships among species of the different sections of the genus Arachis. In general, wide variation was found among accessions and low variation was found within the accessions that had two or more plants analyzed. However, higher polymorphism was found in the section Trierectoides and in one accession of A. major, indicating that generalizations should be avoided and each species should be analyzed in order to establish collection and maintenance strategies.

Investigação de efeitos alelopáticos de espécies do gênero Arachis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Forage peanut (Arachis spp.) genetic evaluation and selection.

Forage peanut improvement for use in grass?legume mixtures is expected to have a great impact on the sustainability of Brazilian livestock production. Eighteen cloned Arachis spp. ecotypes were evaluated under clipping in a Brazilian Cerrado region and results analysed using a mixed model methodology. The objective was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and to select the best ecotypes based on selection index applied on their predicted genotypic value. The traits of total dry-matter (DM) and leaf DM yield presented moderate (0_30 < h2g < 0_50) to high (>0_50) broad-sense heritability, in contrast to the low genetic variability in nutritional quality-associated traits. Ecotypes of Arachis spp. contained average crude protein concentrations of 224 g kg _1 DM in leaves and 138 g kg _1 DM in stems, supporting the potential role of these species to overcome the low protein content in Cerrado pastures. The correlations between yield traits and traits associated with low nutritional value in leaves were consistently significant and positive. Genetic correlations among all the yield traits evaluated during the rainy or dry seasons were significant and positive. The ecotypes were ranked based on selection index. The next step is to validate long-term selection of grass?Arachis in combination with pastures under competition and adjusted grazing in the Cerrado region.

Dinâmica populacional de Tetranychus ogmophallos (Acari: Tetranychidae) em genótipos de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis spp.) no estado do Acre.

O amendoim forrageiro é uma leguminosa herbácea tropical e perene, que apresenta importância na produção de forragem em pastos consorciados com gramíneas sob sistemas pecuários intensivos. Dentre as pragas associadas ao amendoim forrageiro, o ácaro-carmim, Tetranychus ogmophallos Ferreira & Flechtmann, é uma das principais, causando injúrias pela contínua sucção de seiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dinâmica populacional de T. ogmophallos em dois acessos de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi e um híbrido de Arachis pintoi x Arachis appressipila) no estado do Acre. O levantamento foi realizado no período de março de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Semanalmente, era lançado aleatoriamente, um quadrado de 100 x 100 cm, em três repetições por genótipo. Em cada lançamento eram coletadas, aleatoriamente, 20 folhas/genótipo, totalizando 60 folhas por amostragem/genótipo. Em laboratório os ácaros eram contabilizados sob microscópio estereoscópio. Os picos populacionais de T. ogmophallos foram verificados nos meses de outubro a novembro nos dois genótipos de amendoim forrageiro. Também foi observado que ataque de T. ogmophallos não causou mortalidade de plantas nos dois genótipos.